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Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Ivano-Frankivsk is a historic city located in western Ukraine.
It is the administrative center of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Prior to 1962, the city was known as Stanyslaviv (; ; ; ; Yiddish: סטאַניסלאוו, Stanislavov).
The estimated population was 204,200 as of 2004.
Climate and GeographyThe city is situated in the Carpathian region, approximately 120 metres above sea level. As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters.
HistoryThe city, named Stanisławów, was erected as a fortress to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions. It was built on the site of the village of Zabolottya, which had been founded in 1437. Its name was coined by a Polish nobleman Andrzej Potocki, who honored his father, Stanislaw Rewera Potocki.
It is the administrative center of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Prior to 1962, the city was known as Stanyslaviv (; ; ; ; Yiddish: סטאַניסלאוו, Stanislavov).
The estimated population was 204,200 as of 2004.
Climate and GeographyThe city is situated in the Carpathian region, approximately 120 metres above sea level. As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters.
HistoryThe city, named Stanisławów, was erected as a fortress to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions. It was built on the site of the village of Zabolottya, which had been founded in 1437. Its name was coined by a Polish nobleman Andrzej Potocki, who honored his father, Stanislaw Rewera Potocki.
The city was first mentioned in 1662 in connection with it being granted the Magdeburg rights. Soon afterwards, when in 1672 the Turks conquered the fortress of Kamieniec Podolski, Stanislawow, together with Halicz, became a strongpoint against Turkish forces. It was attacked and besieged in 1676, but the Turks did not manage to capture and pillage the city. However, Stanislawow was so badly destroyed that in 1677 the Sejm in Warsaw relieved the city of its tax duties.
Jews were permitted to build houses for themselves on the "Street of the Jews" (which was located at that time by the flood bank). Later, the fortress also successfully withstood attacks by Turkish and Russian forces. Extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance, it was sometimes called Little Leopolis. The city was also an important center of Armenian culture in Poland, with an Armenian church, in which a painting of Mary was kept. The painting was in 1945 moved to Gdansk.
In 1772, after the Partitions of Poland it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and successively of the autonomous Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. During World War One, the frontline was for some time placed in the area of the city, Russians and Austrians fought several battles in Stanislawow and its vicinity, and in 1917 Russian forces burned the central districts, during the Kerensky Offensive.
In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed.
In 1919, it was a subject of Polish–Ukrainian skirmishes, and it eventually was annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic as the capital of the Stanisławów Voivodship.
In 1920, the Red Army took over the city for a brief period. In the few days between the retreat of the Red Army and the entry of the Polish army, the private army of Symon Petlura roamed around wildly for a few days, two Jews were killed, there was a great deal of property damage, and several Jewish women were raped..
According to the 1931 Polish census there were 198,400 residents in the Stanislawow county (159 per square kilometer, the area of the county was 1249 sq.km.). Among them there were 120,214 Poles, 49,032 Ukrainians, and 26,996 Jews. Population of the city itself was as follows: 27 000 in 1900, 28 2000 in 1921 and 60 000 in 1931 (70 000 together with the suburb of Knihinin, which was in the 1930s a separate commune).
In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German and Soviet forces, the territory was captured by the Soviets in September 1939 and included into the Ukrainian SSR.
Nazi occupationThere were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanislawow when it was occupied by the Germans on July 26, 1941.
During the Nazi occupation (1941-44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population was murdered.
On August 1, 1941, Galicia became the fifth district of the General Government. On October 12, 1941, later called “Blutsonntag” (“Bloody Sunday"), thousands of Jews were gathered on the market square; then the German forces escorted them to the Jewish cemetery, where mass graves had already been prepared. On the way the German and Ukrainian escorts beat and tortured the Jews. At the cemetery the Jews were compelled to give away their valuables and show their papers. The men of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; Sipo) then started mass shootings, assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) and the railroad police. The Germans ordered the Jews to undress in groups and then proceed to the graves where they were shot. They fell into the grave or were ordered to jump in before being shot. The German forces shot between 8,000 and 12,000 Jews on that day.
Up to July 1942 most killings were carried out in Rudolf’s Mill, and from August onward, in the courtyard of the Sipo headquarters. On August 22, 1942, the Germans held a “reprisal Aktion” for the murder of a Ukrainian, which they blamed on a Jew. More than 1,000 Jews were shot. German policemen raped Jewish girls and women before taking them to the courtyard of the Sipo headquarters.
About 11,000 Jews were still living in Stanislawów when the next Aktion took place. On February 22 or 23, 1943, Brandt, who had succeeded Hans Krüger as SS-Hauptsturmführer, ordered the police forces to surround the ghetto -- initiating the final liquidation. Four days after the beginning of the Aktion, the Germans put up posters announcing that Stanislawów was “free of Jews.”
When the Soviet army reached Stanislawów on July 27, 1944, there were about 100 Jews in the city who had survived in hiding. In total about 1,500 Jews from Stanislawów survived the war.
A formal indictment against Hans Krüger was issued in October 1965, after six years of investigations by the Dortmund State Prosecuter’s Office. On May 6, 1968, the Münster State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment. He was released in 1986.
In Vienna and Salzburg there were other trial proceedings against members of the Schupo and the Gestapo in Stanislawów in 1966.
Recent historyFrom 1944, it was a part of the Soviet Union until Ukraine gained its independence in August 1991, after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Soviets forced most of the Polish population to leave the city, most of them settled in the Recovered Territories.
In 1962 the name changed to honor Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Five years later, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas was established.
In the early 1990s the city was a strong center of the Ukrainian independence movement.
SportsIvano-Frankivsk is home to a number of sports teams, most notably football club FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk. The club is currently disbanded. Its former president reorganized the local university (University of Nafty i Hazu) team into new "FSK Prykarpattia". That team does currently plays in the Ukrainian First League.
Football Clubs Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk Fakel Ivano-Frankivsk
Basketball Clubs Hoverla Ivano-FrankivskPeople Manfred H. Lachs (1914-1993), jurist Arthur F. Burns Zbigniew Cybulski Mikhail Prusak Feliks Falk Anna Seniuk Daniel Passent Alfred Johann Theophil Jansa von Tannenau Stanisław Sosabowski Albin Cardinal Dunajewski Svetlana Alexievich Tina Karol- Ukrainian pop singer Vasyl Virastyuk - strongman athlete 2004 World's Strongest Man GreenJolly - Ukrainian rap band.
External links mvk.if.ua - Official site of Ivano-Frankivsk Soviet topographic map 1:100,000 2005 Ivano-Frankivsk - Satellite image Area map of Stanislawow, with the general shape of the major streets, showing enlarged town detail from a 1905 Austrian military map Ivano-Frankivsk entry at dmoz.org open directory The Stanislau Phenomenon - How the Western Ukrainian provincial nest of Ivano-Frankivsk turned into a thriving literary metropolis and multicultural frontier between East and West. By Holger Gemba at signandsight.com Stanislau - Transliteration of Unpublished List of Citizens Murdered by the Nazis, from documents of the Russian Commission to Investigate Nazi Crimes Polish historical website on Stanislawow Photos of modern Ivano-Frankivsk (from 2004)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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